4.9

1.       Photosynthesis  - co2+h20 -> chlorophyll (light trapped)    c6h12o6+02

Co2 is 0.03% of the atmosphere

2.       Feeding                  producer -> primary consumer takes in carbon from producer and uses it for growth -> secondary consumer (carbon passes down food chain) all levels send out co2 into the atmosphere through respiration

3.       Respiration    C6H12O6+02 -> break down enzymes in the cell releasing enegy+co2 +h20

Respiration adds co2 to the atmosphere

4.       Decomposition.   Death and the organic molecules that remain are broken down by decomposition organisms i.e.: bacteria, fungi

5.       Combustion  fossil fuels -> oils and coals after loads of years -> they are combusted to release c02

Industrial applications and motor vehicles are good examples of using combust fuel

It can also occur in the environment naturally: lightening striking vegetation resulting in land fires

GOOGLE: “carbon cycle”

Picture of Carbon Cycle

4.14

+ Enhanced greenhouse effect is brought about by pollution (co2, ch4, water vapour) – green house gasses

+ They increase concentration in upper atmosphere

+ Consequences would be that the light would be that light would be increasingly re-emitted back to earth surface and not into the darkness of space

+And the consequence of this is to raise the av. Global temp. = global warming

+ = melting of ice caps -> raised sea levels -> change ocean currents -> change how winds are generated-à CLIMATE CHANGE

+Raising temp would also change biomes – change ‘ecosystems’ e.g.: deserts and forests

4.13

+Human activity such as burning of fossil fuels = more co2/no2/so2 = green house gases

They absorb infrared light

+ These fuels from factories and vehicles (industrial, cars and domestic) combustion of fossil furls

+ Another place is farming – animals in digestion of crops (cows eg) emit methane gas to the atmosphere which is estimate 9% of gas in atmosphere

+ Evaporation of water to form water vapour – clouds are significant to green house effect t

+Refrigeration/ solvents/ propellants CFC’s – chlorine and carbon and fluorine ccl3f which Catalyses the breakdown of the ozone layer

4.12

a) UV light from the sun, has short wave length/high energy

b) 50% of this light is reflected back out to space causes= clouds

c) Absorption on earth surface- where UV is converted as infra-red

d) Infrared is shows longer wave

e) Lost to space as heat

F) Represents some of the green house gases such as water vapour co2 and methans ch4

g) The infrared light will hit green house gas will absorb this energy and then re emit it in all directions raising surface temp. Higher = green house effect

Enhanced green house effect – co2 and ch4 will absorb more escaping infrared and put it back to earth raising temps. Higher leading to climate change

CFC’s – well known for their effect in ozone layer

Carbon fluorine

Ccl3F ->sunlight – ccl3f +cl this breaks down o3 to o2, o3 is better at absorbing sunlight so we are taking that effect away.

4.11

+ Sulphur dioxide – SO^2 gas, Is added to the atmosphere when we have the combustion of fossil fuels in factories or vehicles, in atmosphere it combines with water vapour and forms sulphuric acid can be found  in clouds and when it rains it is called “acid rain” -> affects plants and animals

+Trees and plants are often burned by the direct sulphuric acid also sulphuric acid could be soaked up by the roots. Ca2+ and mg2+ then cannot be obtained by the root

+Acid rain in lakes and streams harms fish gills by thickening mucus from AL3+ O2 from H2O is reduced

+ Carbon Monoxide – produced when fossil fuels such as coal and gas are burned with insufficient oxygen.

+CO-> combines with haemoglobin in RBC forms carbamino haemoglobin the problem is that it blocks haemoglobin from carrying oxygen so therefore reducing oxygen circulation = toxic and too much can cause death