4.6

Bush Grass -> Impala -> Leopard -> Lion
Producer = light energy - > chemical energy  - organic molecules = Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids
Which make bonds such as : C-H, C-O, C-C, O-H, C-N = energy
CHON= substances/matter contain energy
As each level of trophic gets eaten by the next level the energy is passed on - substances/ matter

4.7

+  Pyramid of Energy  Producer = 100% -> primary consumer = 10% -> secondary consumer= 1%
eg: Grass -> Rat -> Owl  100kg -> rat only gets 10% of the energy because: Respiration, rat can't digest celulose, so it is lost in faeces.
+ Owl only gets 1% of energy  because: respiration, and energy used in flight etc.
+ Eventually all levels die and are broken up by decomposers.

4.5 c (Pyramids)

+ Producer -> 1 -> 2 -> 3 consumer = Basic/simple description on feeding in community.
+ Quantify Trophic Levels:
1. Pyramid of Number (count organisms at each level)
eg: 1000 leaves of carrot plant -> 100 carrot fly -> 10 fly catcher -> 1 sparrow hawk = *Pyramid* each level 1/10th of the size of the level before.
Problems: eg: 1 tree -> 100,000 Aphids -> 1000 Lady Birds -> 10 birds = In energy terms this is wrong, the size of tree to Aphids is wrong scientifically.
2. Pyramid of Bio Mass "living material mass"
Problems: Water level mass. Because this pyramid is based on "Dry Mass"  = better understanding of mass of matter
Disadvantages: need to work out dry mass of each level which is very difficult.
Pyramid should be shown in units of mass kg/g or unit of area m2/km2
3. Pyramid of Energy (ideal)(transfer of energy from 1 level to the next)
+ cannot be inverted (put upside down)
+ This type of pyramid measures efficiency too. eg: Sun Light 100% = 10% producer = 10% efficiency
+ Requires unit of energy (J/ kJ)
+ unit of area (m2)
+ unit of time (secs/mins/years)
+ however it is complex and time consuming.
++ Pyramid of number = popular
                   inbetween- Biomass = hard
Pyramid of energy = hard and complex       Progressing downwards in production of Pyramids.

4.5 b (Food Webs)

+ Food webs allow us to provide a good description of the ecosystems -> composed of community of organisms which are communicating.
+ In this case feeding.
+ Advantages: shows feeding at different trophic levels:
+ 1. Oraganisms have multiple predictors
2. feeding on multiple prey
3. results in linked food chains
+ In this case the Hawk acts as both a secondary consumer and a tertiary consumer.

4.5 a (Food Chains)

+ Food Chains = producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer
+ Only 1 organism per trophic level
+ You cannot show organism as a omnivore, more than 2 trophic levels.
+ Food chains show the flow of matter and energy.

4.4

+ Trophic = to feed.

+ Carrot plant -> carrot fly -> fly catcher -> sparrow

= photosynthesis -> Herbivore -> Carnivore -> Carnivore (bigger)

= producer (Light energy -> Chemical energy) -> Primary consumer (C.e -> C.e (different form)) -> secondary consumer (C.e -> C.e (different form)) -> Tertiary consumer (C.e -> C.e (different form))

+ Eventually all these stages will die which leaders to their decomposition.

+ Some decomposers would include: Fungi and bacteria, breaking down molecules such as Nitrate and Phosphate.

4.3: Quadrate Samples

+ Sand dune: using the quadrate technique to sample the population of daisies

+ Sample must be random (not biased) and representative (large enough for estimate to be closer to the truth)

+ Draw simple grid -> take random numbers Eg: 3, 3 and draw your quadrate in that square. Then count the amount of daisies in THAT quadrate.

+ For the representative the bigger the better. Eg: ten quadrates would be sufficient = 10% of actual area would be better.

+ Make table of two columns 1. The quadrate number Eg: 1,2,3,4 then the second column for the number of daisies in that quadrate. -> Add up the number of daisies and divide by the no. Of quadrates = the value= No. of daisies per m2.

+ using this we can estimate the population in area. Or we could compare the no. of daisies in two different areas.

4.2 Quadrates

+ Looking at a Sand Dune Ecosystem- it is made up of a number of populations with format the community and the habitat

+ The Fence splits the sand dune into 2 regions, 1 side is grazed from cattle and the other side is not grazed.

+ Counting population has a technique called Quadrating.

+ Quadrates contain of squares 1m by 1m to take samples and we would count individuals inside 1 grid – repeat this a number of times to get an estimation of the population size

+ Quadrates are a method of sampling different locations so populations can be compared.

4.1 Ecosystems

+ Ecosystem: Community of Organisms and Habitiat
+ Community of Organisms:   -> Populations of different species -> number of individuals of a particular species -> oraganisms that reproduce to give fertile offsprin/ interacting -> feeding  

+Habitat -> Abiotic 1. Daylight/dark 2.temperature 3. Rainfall  4. Humidity 5. Slope of land 5. Geology = NON BIOLOGICAL